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[S] Flaw in power program - normal means

To: "s-news@wubios.wustl.edu" <s-news@wubios.wustl.edu>
Subject: [S] Flaw in power program - normal means
From: "Eran Bellin,M.D." <belliney@idt.net>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 16:54:55 -0400
Organization: Montefiore Medical Center
Reply-to: belliney@idt.net
Sender: owner-s-news@wubios.wustl.edu
I think that there is something wrong with the power program.
I asked for the normal mean power calculation of:

          *** Power Table ***
    mean1 sd1 mean2 sd2 delta alpha power n1 n2
  1    66   4    80   4    14  0.05   0.8  2  2

 This implies that if you have a group with  mean of 80 and standard
deviation of 4
compared to a group with a mean of 66 and a standard deviation of 4 you
only need 2
members from each to find a statistically significant finding 80% of the
time at a .05 level.

Well, I then tested this by creating two vectors with these values and
then running t.tests on
samples of 2 members from each at a time and looked at the resultant p
values.

> boys<-rnorm(1000,80,4)
> girls<-rnorm(1000,66,4)

> for (i in
1:1000)(z[i]<-t.test(sample(boys,2,replace=T),sample(girls,2,replace=T))$p.value)

I then asked, how many of these z observations have a p value of .05 or
less.  The result
was:

> length(z[z<.05])
[1] 484
> length(z)
[1] 1000

only 48.4% had a value of .05 or less.  I should have expected 80%.

Why the difference?

Thank you in advance.

Sincerely,
Eran Bellin, M.D.
Department Outcome Analysis and Decision Support
Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, N.Y.

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